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NVIDIA (NVDA) investor relations material

NVIDIA Co-Packaged Silicon Photonics Switches for Gigawatt AI Factories summary

Complete event summary combining all related documents: earnings call transcript, report, and slide presentation.
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Co-Packaged Silicon Photonics Switches for Gigawatt AI Factories summary3 Feb, 2026

Key themes and technology overview

  • Focus on building AI supercomputers using scale-up and scale-out infrastructure, emphasizing the data center as the new computer for AI workloads.

  • Four major infrastructures: NVLink for scale-up, Spectrum-X Ethernet for scale-out, ConnectX memory storage with BlueField DPUs, and Scale Across for inter-data center connectivity.

  • Spectrum-X Ethernet is designed specifically for AI, eliminating jitter and ensuring synchronized GPU operations using end-to-end RDMA and adaptive routing.

  • Co-packaged optics (CPO) introduced to minimize power consumption, increase compute density, and improve resiliency by integrating optical engines directly with switch ASICs.

  • CPO technology enables significant power savings (up to 5x), reduces component count, and increases reliability and performance for large-scale AI data centers.

Deployment, reliability, and innovation

  • Initial deployments of CPO are set for this year, with partners like CoreWeave, Lambda, and Texas Advanced Computing Center adopting Quantum-2 InfiniBand CPO; Spectrum-X Ethernet CPO to follow in the second half.

  • Reliability improvements stem from integrating optical engines within the switch, reducing human touch and exposure, and ensuring full system validation.

  • Collaboration with TSMC focused on innovative packaging and micro-ring modulator-based optical engines, enabling support for large radix switches and high reliability.

  • CPO switches are designed to cover all required data center distances, including inter-building connections, reducing the need for multiple transceiver types.

  • Concerns about flexibility and pay-as-you-go models are addressed by optimizing infrastructure for full utilization in AI supercomputers, resulting in both CapEx and OpEx savings.

Future directions and operational flexibility

  • Annual technology cadence drives continuous innovation in switch radix, density, and rack-level integration, with a focus on liquid cooling and energy efficiency.

  • Liquid cooling for CPO switches is compatible with compute rack standards, supporting flexible deployment and easier management.

  • Spectrum-X Ethernet supports multiple operating systems and is adaptable to various customer data center designs.

  • Ongoing innovation targets further increases in switch density, optical network capacity, and overall data center efficiency.

  • Q&A addressed industry concerns, deployment timelines, and technical details, with additional answers to be provided post-event.

CPO: Key tech innovations for large radix?
CPO: How does it replace diverse pluggable optics?
Spectrum-X: How does it eliminate AI workload jitter?
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Frequently asked questions

The graphics monster and semiconductor giant

NVIDIA Corporation designs and manufactures graphics processing units (GPUs), as well as system on-a-chip units (SoCs), and related software products for the automotive, gaming, and data center markets. NVIDIA offers GPU products for high-end gaming, home theater, professional visualization, datacenter, and automotive applications. NVIDIA's data center business focuses on making computing more affordable through cloud computing and autonomous learning systems.

The company makes its product available directly to consumers; various OEMs; computer system makers; AIBs; channel distributors; and cloud service providers. It has operations in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, Africa, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and India.

Founded in 1993

Nvidia Corporation is an American electronics company founded in 1993 by Jen-Hsung Huang, Chris Malachowsky, and Curtis Priem. The company is based in Santa Clara, California. Nvidia designs GPUs, APIs for Data Science and High-performance computing, and system-on-a-chip units (SoCs) for the mobile computing and automotive industries. Additionally, the company is a global leader in AI hardware and software from edge to cloud computing. They have also expanded their presence in gaming with handheld game consoles, including Shield Portable, Shield Tablet, and Shield Android TV, and their cloud gaming service GeForce Now.

The company designs and sells GPU’s for various end users, including gamers, crypto miners, professional applications such as architecture, engineering and construction, media and entertainment, and scientific research. They also supply chip systems for use in vehicles, robotics and other tools. For Mac/PC-users, Nvidia is probably most known for their GeForce series of products, which also was used in Microsoft's Xbox.

Competition is fierce, and some of the biggest counter players are Intel Corp. and Advanced Micro Devices Inc Most hardware in the graphic cards in today's home computers are delivered by NVIDIA or AMD. A big part of the market depends on integrated circuits on the processor, a segment dominated by Intel, closely followed by AMD.

The founder Jen-Hsun Huang

Jen-Hsun "Jensen" Huang is the originator of NVIDIA. He founded the company on his 30th birthday in 1993 and has served as president, CEO, and a member of the board. Huang has previously been working at AMD and LSI Logic. He holds a BSEE degree from Oregon State University and an MSEE degree from Stanford University.

Huang has had a very successful career, and was in 2019 ranked first on Harvard Business Review’s top 100 list of the world's best-performing CEOs over the lifetime of their tenure. Other awards include:

  • Named businessperson of the year in 2017 by Fortune.

  • One of the world’s 100 most influential people in 2021 by TIME.

  • The Robert N. Noyce Award; IEEE Founder’s Medal; and Dr, Morris Chang Exemplary Leadership Award—the Semiconductor Industry's highest honor.

NVIDIA has, alongside Huang, shaped gaming into the largest entertainment industry in the world. By inventing the GPU in 1999, they paved the way for modern computer graphics. Today, GPU deep learning has ignited modern AI, which opens up the new era of computing—with the GPU as the brain of computers, self-driving cars and robots can perceive and understand the world around them.

Another interesting fact about Jensen Huang, who still acts as President and CEO, personally owns north of 80 billion dollars worth of stock.

The (almost) Arm acquisition

On September 13, 2020, NVIDIA announced their plans to acquire the British semiconductor and software design company Arm Ltd. from SoftBank Group, for the price tag of 40 billion US dollars in stock and cash.

This acquisition would have been the largest semiconductor acquisition to date, but due to regulatory hurdles, Nvidia had to drop the offer. The UK's Competition and Markets Authority had significant competition concerns and the European Commission investigated the takeover. The verdict was that the acquisition would restrict other companies from accessing Arm’s products and give NVIDIA too much information about their competitors.

Further reading: Arm's Smart Phone Monopoly: Setting the Stage for Their IPO

Other notable Semiconductor acquisitions through the years:

  • Broadcom by Avago in 2015, price tag of 37 billion US dollars.

  • ARM by SoftBank in 2016, price tag of 32 billion US dollars.

  • Maxim by Analog Devices in 2020, price tag of 21 billion US dollars.

  • SanDisk by Western Digital in 2015, price tag of 19 billion US dollars.

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